Author Archive
Supporting Project Birthday for Forsyth County Foster Children
Our Trusts and Estates Practice Group is excited to participate in Project Birthday for the month of July this year.
Launched in 2014 by Lily Alexander of the EACH Foundation and the Forsyth County Women Attorneys Association (FCWAA), Project Birthday helps make sure every child in foster care in Forsyth County is celebrated on their birthday with a gift and a cake. Blanco Tackabery is honored to be part of this meaningful initiative, helping to bring a little extra joy to local children and support our community.
For more information regarding Project Birthday, please visit: https://eachfoundation.com/project-birthday/
VAWA Forms and Termination Notices for “Covered Dwellings” Revisited
In the waning days of 2023, my colleague, Henry Hilston, wrote a blogpost discussing a then-recently issued decision by the North Carolina Court of Appeals, Rosewood Estates I, LP v. Drummond. There, the tenant rented the subject premises from the landlord through the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Housing Program. The landlord sent a written notice to the tenant, informing her that her lease would not be renewed following expiration of the then-current term because of various complaints it had received concerning the tenant’s improper conduct and her failure to cure the same.
The tenant failed to vacate the premises in accordance with the notice, and the landlord commenced an action in summary ejectment. As a defense to ejectment, the tenant challenged the adequacy of the landlord’s notice of non-renewal, arguing that: (i) the notice failed to provide adequate notice of the alleged breach(es) of the lease that were (nonspecifically) cited as grounds for non-renewal; and (ii) the notice was not accompanied by a VAWA Notice of Occupancy Rights and HUD Certification Form (hereinafter, the “VAWA Paperwork”).
The trial court rejected the tenant’s arguments and granted the landlord a judgment for possession. The tenant appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed, concluding that that the notice was defective for each of the reasons argued by tenant.
On the surface, Rosewood plausibly could be read as requiring a landlord for a “covered dwelling” to provide a terminated tenant with the VAWA Paperwork in conjunction with any termination notice, even when the termination has no nexus to domestic violence whatsoever. After all, nothing in the Court’s recitation of the facts in Rosewood suggests that domestic violence was in any way implicated. Moreover, the tenant, in her briefing, took the position that landlords of “covered dwellings” are required to provide the VAWA Paperwork in conjunction with all termination notices, even when there is no domestic violence nexus.
For reasons deftly summarized in Henry’s prior blogpost, imposition of any such universal requirement hardly seemed sensible. Regardless, concerns surrounding Rosewood’s broad, and overly vague holding were, to some degree, academic, since Rosewood was an unpublished decision (i.e., one that did not qualify as a binding precedent).
Then, in July 2024, the Court of Appeals, in L.I.C. Associates I, L.P. v. Brown, again addressed a landlord’s alleged failure to provide VAWA Paperwork in conjunction with notice of termination.[1] There, the plaintiff landlord issued a notice of termination, advising the defendant tenant that her tenancy would be terminated due to nonpayment of rent unless she brought her account current during a specified cure period. She failed to do so, and the landlord commenced an action in summary ejectment, alleging that the tenant had violated one or more conditions of the lease for which the right of reentry was specified, namely those provisions requiring her to timely remit her rental payments when due. The landlord subsequently filed an amended complaint, alleging that tenant also had unilaterally changed the locks to her unit without landlord’s prior authorization or approval in violation of a provision of the lease prohibiting tenants from doing so.
The magistrate ruled in the landlord’s favor, and the tenant appealed to district court. The landlord then filed a motion for summary judgment, which the district court granted. The tenant appealed to the Court of Appeals and argued that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in landlord’s favor because the landlord did not put forward any evidence that it provided tenant with the VAWA Paperwork in conjunction with its termination notice to tenant.
The Court reversed the trial court’s summary judgment in favor of the landlord and remanded the case with instructions for the trial court to enter summary judgment in favor of the tenant. Yet, in a welcome twist for landlords of “covered dwellings,” the Court seemed to suggest that the Brown landlord’s failure to provide the VAWA Paperwork was problematic not because a failure to provide VAWA Paperwork is fatal per se, even where there is no conceivable domestic violence nexus, but because there was, at least conceivably, a potential domestic violence nexus at play. More specifically, the Court noted that the tenant had offered affidavit testimony averring that she had changed her locks because her ex-boyfriend had stolen her keys, which, in the Court’s view, made it impossible to say, as the landlord had contended, that the lock-changing violation noted in the landlord’s amended complaint was unrelated to domestic violence.
As a curious aside, the Court’s decision to reverse and remand with instructions to enter summary judgment in favor of tenant, rather than with instructions to conduct further proceeding not inconsistent with the appellate court’s mandate, was procedurally unusual, since the actual existence of a domestic violence nexus in the case, while colorable, was not conclusively established from the existing record. Moreover, the Court’s focus on the potential domestic violence nexus vis-à-vis the lock-changing violation also did not address the absence of any such nexus vis-à-vis the non-payment violation, which had been the original (and, for a time, only) impetus for the ejectment action.
In any event, unlike Rosewood, Brown is a published decision and is, therefore, a binding precedent on all North Carolina trial courts. Thus, Brown appeared to represent something of a “course correction” by the Court of Appeals from its potentially unbounded suggestion in Rosewood that failure to provide a terminated tenant with the VAWA Paperwork in conjunction with any termination notice, even when the termination has no nexus to domestic violence whatsoever, could be an absolute defense to ejectment for tenants at “covered dwellings”
Most recently, in February 2025, the Court of Appeals in Oxford Housing Authority v. Church again addressed the issue of when a landlord of a “covered dwelling” must provide VAWA Paperwork in the context of termination of a tenancy and further clarified its holding from Brown, making explicit that the VAWA Paperwork need not be issued in conjunction with a termination notice where there is no domestic violence nexus. There, the plaintiff, a public housing authority (PHA), commenced an action in summary ejectment against the defendant tenants for failure to pay retroactively adjusted rent, which was determined to be due and owing because of an unreported interim change in income. The trial court ruled in favor of plaintiff, and defendants appealed.
On appeal, the defendants argued in part that the trial court erred by entering the judgment for ejectment because the plaintiff, as a PHA, was subject to VAWA but did not provide them with the VAWA Paperwork when it provided written notice of termination of their tenancy for non-payment of rent. The Court of Appeals disagreed and concluded that provision of the VAWA Paperwork was not required.
The Court began it analysis by harkening back to Brown and the Court’s rejection of the Brown landlord’s contention that the VAWA Paperwork was not required due to the absence of a domestic violence nexus. By contrast, the Court noted that the Church tenants, unlike the Brown tenant, did not argue they were entitled to receive the VAWA Paperwork because of a potential domestic violence nexus[2] nor was there “anything in the record indicating any present or historical concerns of domestic violence.” Instead, in Church, the tenants put forward the sweeping argument espoused by the Rosewood tenants that, simply because their landlord was subject to VAWA, the landlord was “automatically required” to provide the VAWA Paperwork “when initiating a lease termination on any ground, including nonpayment of rent.” (Emphasis in original).
To support this argument, the appellants in Church cited to a California appellate decision, which explicitly held that the VAWA Paperwork must be provided in connection with every termination of tenancy for a “covered dwelling,” even when there is no nexus to domestic violence, along with the Court of Appeals’ prior decision in Rosewood, which had suggested a similar rule (albeit only implicitly). The Court declined to treat the California decision or its own unpublished decision in Rosewood as persuasive.[3]
The Court unambiguously rejected the tenants’ contention that VAWA mandates provision of the VAWA Paperwork “in all lease termination proceedings.” Looking to the langue of VAWA itself, the Court noted that the statutory text’s “plain meaning and intent . . . is to protect housing applicants and tenants from housing discrimination based on domestic violence[.]” The Court, therefore, held that landlords of “covered dwellings” are not required to provide the VAWA Paperwork when a lease termination is based on non-payment of rent and there is no indication that any tenant has any concerns regarding domestic violence.
What do Rosewood, Brown, and Church mean for landlords of “covered dwellings?” In a broad sense, Brown and Church have gone a long way toward correcting some of the likely unintended confusion stemming from Rosewood’s overly broad language. While Church represents the most full-throated declaration of VAWA’s inapplicability to ejectments unrelated to domestic violence, it, like Rosewood, is an unreported decision, meaning future panels of the Court of Appeals (or trial courts) may make short shrift of its pronouncements, much as the Church panel itself did, when discounting Rosewood’s import. But what Church shouts Brown whispers (if not declares at a standard speaking decibel). Thus, landlords at “covered dwellings” should take some solace in knowing that, when the basis for an ejectment has no nexus whatsoever to domestic violence, provision of the VAWA Paperwork is likely not required, and the failure to furnish it should not constitute a viable defense to ejectment. But when multiple grounds for ejectment exist, and any of them has a colorable or potential nexus to domestic violence, per Brown, failure to provide the VAWA Paperwork may vitiate even those grounds that lack such a nexus.
As always, landlords at “covered dwellings” are encouraged to consult with experienced counsel to ensure that they are complying with applicable law. The experienced attorneys at Blanco Tackabery stand ready to provide such counsel.
[1] In the interest of full disclosure, this firm represented the landlord in Brown.
[2] As a reminder, the Rosewood plaintiffs likewise did not argue that they were entitled to receive the VAWA Paperwork because of any potential or alleged domestic violence nexus, but the Court, nonetheless, validated the legitimacy of their VAWA defense in its unpublished decision.
[3] Notably, Church itself is an unpublished decision. While the Church panel declined to provide any basis for rejecting the rationale espoused in the California case, stating simply that the North Carolina Court of Appeals is not bound by the decisions of California appellate courts, it did offer a distinction from Rosewood. Specifically, the parties in that case had executed a lease addendum stating the lease was subject to the provisions of VAWA, whereas in Church, the parties’ lease had no explicit mention of VAWA or its notice requirements. But, of course, VAWA is a federal law, which applies to “covered dwellings,” irrespective of whether a lease agreement for any particular “covered dwelling” expressly mentions VAWA. Thus, the legal significance of this distinction is suspect. As an interesting aside, Judge Donna Stroud, who has written on the topic of unpublished decisions by intermediate appellate courts, was the authoring judge in both Brown and Church.
Chad Archer brings extensive expertise in state and federal litigation and was recently named to Business North Carolina’s Legal Elite Honorees 2024 as well as the 2024 edition of The Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch® in America. In his civil litigation practice, he advises clients on a wide range of issues, including trusts and estates, appeals, contract disputes, landlord-tenant disputes, commercial and corporate disputes, complex business litigation and employment disputes.
Piedmont Opera Hosts 34th Annual Magnolia Ball
We’re looking forward to the 34th annual Magnolia Ball hosted by the Piedmont Opera this Saturday, June 7, at the Millennium Center in Winston-Salem.
The theme of this year’s ball is “Reimagine the Renaissance” to celebrate classical beauty and to combine it with innovative artistry.
The Magnolia Ball is Piedmont Opera’s largest fundraiser. To support fine arts in our community by purchasing a ticket to this event or making a donation, visit: https://ci.ovationtix.com/36795/production/1189842?performanceId=11417760
Piedmont Opera Magnolia Ball
May 17, 2024
Millennium Center
Blanco Tackabery Hosts Preservation Forsyth Tour of Blanco Office & Building
We had a great time hosting Preservation Forsyth’s tour of the historic Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel building which is now called Sentinel Commons. It was a pleasure to welcome guests into our office and share in the appreciation of this significant space. Thank you to everyone who joined us for an evening celebrating history, architecture, and community.
The Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel building, constructed in 1927, won an American Institute of Architects Design Award that same year.
Preservation Forsyth
June 6, 2025
Sentinel Commons
Blanco Tackabery Attends 2025 CAHEC Conference
The 2025 CAHEC Partners Conference is underway and several of our attorneys from our Affordable Housing and Community Development Practice Group and Property Management Practice Group will be exhibiting at this conference. This conference offers a dynamic mix of hands-on learning and expert-led sessions, equipping attendees with valuable knowledge and practical tools to navigate the affordable housing and community development landscape.
To learn more about our Affordable Housing and Community Development Practice Group, click here.
To learn more about our Property Management Practice Group, click here.
Blanco Tackabery Attends 2025 SAHMA NC Conference
Attorneys from our Affordable Housing and Community Development Practice Group and Property Management Practice Group are attending the Southeastern Affordable Housing Management Association (SAHMA) North Carolina Affordable Housing Conference in Greensboro from 5/14-5/15. This valuable event keeps our team informed on the latest regulations and industry best practices.
To learn more about our Affordable Housing and Community Development Practice Group, click here.
To learn more about our Property Management Practice Group, click here.
Blanco Tackabery Sponsors 2025 SummerLark Event
Blanco Tackabery is proud to sponsor the 2025 SummerLark event, hosted by Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Philanthropy.
SummerLark is a meaningful annual charity concert that benefits the Cancer Patient Support Program. This important initiative provides personalized counseling, group support, and essential financial assistance to cancer patients and their families. Every contribution helps ensure that no one in our community has to face cancer alone.
Festivities begin Friday evening with SummerLark’s exclusive VIP Cocktail Party from 7–9 PM, followed by a concert on Saturday, May 10, featuring music from Old Crow Medicine Show at Bailey Park.
We’re also grateful for the support of community partners like Allegacy, whose involvement helps make this impactful event possible.
To purchase tickets for the concert or make a donation, click here.
SummerLark
Bailey Park
Winston-Salem, NC
Saturday, May 10
Blanco Tackabery Sponsors HandsOn Northwest North Carolina Forsyth County Governor’s Volunteer Service Awards
Attorneys Michael Beck, Taylor Gibbs, Samantha Mozina, Henry Hilston and Melissa McKinney attended the HandsOn Northwest North Carolina Forsyth County Governor’s Volunteer Service Awards yesterday. Congratulations to this year’s award recipients who were recognized for their outstanding service and dedication to our community!
Blanco Tackabery was proud to help sponsor this meaningful event and support HandsOn NWNC’s mission to bring together the people and organizations creating positive change across the Triad.
To learn more about HandsOn Northwest North Carolina visit: https://handsonnwnc.org/about-us-2/
Blanco Tackabery Sponsors 20th Annual Piedmont Earth Day Fair
Blanco Tackabery is proud to sponsor the 20th Annual Piedmont Earth Day Fair, happening this Saturday, April 26, at the Winston-Salem Fairgrounds. Join us in celebrating this free, family-friendly community event focused on celebrating sustainability and taking action for a greener future.
Enjoy great food, live music, interactive activities for all ages, and connect with earth-friendly exhibitors who are making a difference in our region.
For more details, including the program schedule and exhibitor list, visit: https://www.peanc.org/winston-salem-earth-day-fair
Our Renewable Energy Practice Group is a recognized leader in North Carolina and across the country, providing strategic counsel to the renewable energy industry. Our team has helped develop and finance multiple gigawatts of solar farms in over 25 states nationwide.
20th Annual Piedmont Earth Day Fair
April 26, 2025
Winston-Salem Fairgrounds
A Tale of Two Yetis: Lessons from a Hockey Team’s Trademark Woes
What if you’ve thought of the perfect new business or product name — but it’s already being used by someone else?
Under U.S trademark law, the answer often boils down to the likelihood of confusion between the two trademarks. See 15 U.S.C. § 1052(d). If your shiny new business name is identical to one already in use, registration may prove difficult, and the risk of infringement could be high.
However, if your company’s underlying goods and services are distinct from the first user, you may be able to register the trademark anyway.
For example, the word COLGATE is trademarked by the famous Colgate toothpaste maker – but also by Colgate University for its educational services. These trademarks coexist because the products (toothpaste and college education) are so different that there is little chance that consumers will be confused by the source.
But as the Utah Hockey Club recently learned, it is rarely that easy. As the NHL’s newest team, the Utah Hockey Club was widely expected to adopt the name “Utah Yetis” this year. In preparation, the team began the process of registering the trademark “UTAH YETIS” as a potential team name and for merchandise like jerseys, t-shirts and hats.
Registering a trademark gives you the exclusive right to use your trademark for select goods and services. It also means the USPTO will actively reject other trademark applications that would infringe on yours. In hockey terms, the USPTO becomes an “enforcer” that protects registered trademarks.
Unfortunately for the Utah Hockey Club, the enforcer came to play.
The problem? The well-known YETI Coolers company already owns “YETI” trademarks for a wide array of products and services – apparel included. As a result, the Hockey Club’s application for “UTAH YETIS” was denied, notwithstanding that “UTAH YETIS” and “YETI” aren’t exactly alike.
The Utah Hockey Club hasn’t given up hope though. Last week, the club requested an extension of time to respond to the USPTO’s denial. This could mean they’re trying to strike a deal with YETI Coolers that may allow both trademarks to coexist in the apparel space. It remains to be seen whether the two sides will reach a deal.
Companies interested in protecting their brand identity should consult with a trademark lawyer to determine whether their business name, product names, and logos are (1) infringing on existing, registered trademarks, and (2) eligible for trademark protection of their own. It is wise to do so before expending substantial time and resources on new branding that, like the Utah Yetis, you might be prevented from using.
Ryan Dovel works with the Intellectual Property Practice Group at Blanco Tackabery. Harnessing his experience as a law clerk at the North Carolina Business Court, Ryan represents individuals and businesses in civil litigation. In addition, he practices in other areas such as municipal law, and fiduciary litigation.
Blanco Tackabery Sponsors 2025 RiverRun International Film Festival
The RiverRun International Film Festival has returned for its 27th year, bringing thought-provoking stories and global perspectives to screens across Winston-Salem and Greensboro through April 19.
Blanco Tackabery is proud to support this celebration of film and creativity right here in our community.
RiverRun International Film Festival is a non-profit cultural organization in Winston-Salem, NC. Their mission is to foster a greater appreciation of cinema and a deeper understanding of the many people, cultures and perspectives of our world through regular interaction with great films and filmmakers. While RiverRun’s 9-day Festival each spring is its most prominent platform for reaching audiences, the organization also hosts a variety of year-round programming. These include RiverRun Retro, RiverRun Arts, the free ITVS Indie Lens Pop-Up Series in partnership with PBS North Carolina, and their free education initiative, Films With Class.
To learn more and purchase tickets to discover new and exciting films at RiverRun, visit: https://riverrunfilm.com/